Mca List of All Colleges and Fees Mumbai

Sr. No. | College Code | Name of the College / Institute | Date of the Meeting in which the Samiti Approved Fee Stucturr for Academic Year 2011-12 | Interim Fee Approved by the Samiti for Academic Year 2012-13 | 1| 3012| Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute(VJTI), Matunga,Mumbai| | 27000| 2| 3185| Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology, Chembur, Mumbai| 11/10/2011| 59860| 3| 3161| K.J. Somaiya Institute in Management Studies ; Research, Vidyavihar, Mumbai. | 16/09/2011| 77140| 4| 3173| Deccan Education Society's Navinchandra Mehta Institute of Technology & Development, Dadar, Mumbai (Kirti College)| 16/09/2011| 74250| 5| 3169| Late Bhausaheb Hiray S. S. Trust's Institute of Computer Application, Bandra (E), Mumbai. 16/09/2011| 70000| 6| 3215| Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan's Sardar Patel Institute of Technology , Andheri, Mumbai (Bhavans Andheri)| 13/06/2011 | 85400| 7| 3162| Bharti Vidyapeeth's Institute of Management ; Information Technology, Navi Mumbai| 11/10/2011| 815 50| 8| 3170| NCRD's Sterling Institute of Management Studies, Navi Mumbai | 4/11/2011| 56650| 9| 3146| Jawahar Education Society's Annasaheb Chudaman Patil College of Engineering,Kharghar| 4/11/2011| 62000| 10| 3168| Thakur Institute of Management Studies Career Development Research, Kandivali (E), Mumbai. 16/09/2011| 103500| 11| 3171| Audyogik Shikshan Mandal’s Institute Of Management ; Computer Studies ( IMCOST), Thane| 11/10/2011| 80130| 12| 3147| Saraswati Education Society, Yadavrao Tasagaonkar Institute of Engineering ; Technology, Karjat| 4/11/2011| 75000| 13| 3165| SIES College of Management Studies, Nerul, Navi Mumbai| 11/01/2012| 99480| 14| 3167| Mumbai Education Trust's Institute of Computer Science, Bandra (W), Mumbai. | 11/10/2011| 107525| |

Feminism and Sexism: the Scarlet Letter

Anaysa Viviana Arce Professor Dr. Don Macon English Literature 1302 21 April 2013 Feminism & Sexism: The Scarlet Letter â€Å"In Heaven’s own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness† (ch. 24). The Scarlet Letter; where there is a woman, a husband, and a lover. A story where women are downgraded, humiliated, punished, and judged for their actions. It is an obvious that eras have changed as well as customs, women now have a say in our government.Therefore, we mainly focus on two political issues that have affected our society, feminism and sexism. We go in depth of researching how their definitions have changed throughout time and how they have affected our society solely in the United States. The Scarlet Letter, is a good representation of how feminism and sexism was affected in the era of the Puritans. Within the story, women were thought of as lesser than men. Womenâ€℠¢s purposes were to raise children and give them good morals and values.Women did not have jobs; they wore the plainest clothes, and sat quietly by their husbands’ sides. Passion and happiness were considered to be a sin in the Puritan faith. Hester Prynne, (the main character in the story), has to overcome many obstacles in the novel, emotionally, socially, and psychologically. Living in a Puritan Society, where they had strict rules that everyone had to abide by, the society showed that men overruled women, and women were subjects to men. Hester’s place within Puritan society changes within the novel, where she defies male authority.Feminism in its definition according to Barbara Smith in This Bridge Called My Back (1981) means; â€Å"Feminism is the political theory and practice to free all women: women of color, working-class women, poor women, physically challenged women, lesbians, old women as well as white economically privileged heterosexual women. Anything le ss than this is not feminism, but merely female self-aggrandizement. (Web. Vanderbilt. edu)† Hester Prynne was forced to wear an embroidered â€Å"A† on her bodice of every garment as a signification of adultery. Women then, were punished more for such sexual transgressions.Unlike men, according to the Puritans women were considered to be ruled by their emotions, while men were considered to be governed by reason (Web. Public. gettysburg. edu). Therefore, we could conclude that women were humiliated and had no contribution to their society; feminism was at its minimal. Women then in the United States started fighting back, which lead to The Women’s Movement. This organized feminism first initiated in 1848 (Web. Feminisim. eserver. org). From this movement several branches formed such as the Abolition of Slavery, the Social Purity and Temperance movement.Furthermore, after 70 years (1928) women were granted to vote and finally have a word in society. Therefore, in comparison with The Scarlet Letter and feminism, women have significantly evolved to become great idols in society. They have freedom and are at the level of a â€Å"male’s authority†. There is no such humiliation or judgment for committing any sin, women are allowed to be happy, independent and be with whomever makes them happy. Commonly, in today’s society it is most popular that women are single mothers with a stable career to support their child.Consequently, women today are not forced to wear such embellishments like Hester Prynne, binding the before-and-today comparison on feminism and the impact it has on women today. Sexism, as previously mentioned has also been a political issue in women. Sexism means the prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. The main overview of The Scarlet Letter is that Hester gets punished for committing adultery and conceiving a child out of marriage. In reality the only reason w hy Hester gets punished and forced to wear an â€Å"A† is because she is a female.Dimsdale, Hester’s lover, being a pastor is suffering internally as the community is rising against Hester. Although the community doesn’t know of his crime, he is remotely thinking of his rejection as a pastor in the case they ever do find out. Even then, the community will not severely punish him, judge him or make him wear an embroidered â€Å"A† solely because he is male. Just like feminism, sexism also presents itself as a discrimination and it is still being seen in today’s society even with feminism reformations. It may be less than the puritan era, but questions such as: â€Å"Why don’t we have a female president? arise. Overall in reality, unlike feminism, sexism will always be present. The discrimination of â€Å"because she is a woman† will still influence many points of view in people. Why do women commit adultery? What cause them to take su ch step? Questions that we wonder but at times have no answer. Although in Infidelity Facts. com we find a confounding answer as to why: â€Å"Statistically, women don't cheat for the sake of sex. It's of secondary concern for them. The #1 reason why they cheat is for an emotional connection.And this is particularly true of women over the age of 30. In more than a few instances, women won't even cheat physically. They will carry on emotional affairs†¦ where they'll fall in love and experience emotional intimacy with a men, while never taking it to the physical level. It's these type of affairs that can continue on for years, without ever being detected, and often leaving a wake of destruction in their path. Studies have found that in long-term relationships, women, whether they work outside of the house or not, often find themselves â€Å"shut out† emotionally.Over 70% of women are still the primary caregivers for their children while also being the cook and the maidâ⠂¬ ¦ whether or not they have a full or part-time job. This leaves them precious little time for themselves to foster a woman's natural urge to grow emotionally. An urge typical ignored by men whose primary interest is physical contact. Thus the longing for a man who can â€Å"see who they really are† begins. And in the weeks, months or even years that follow, they will usually find such a man – or think they've found one.An interesting point to takeaway of this female need for an â€Å"emotional bond†: affairs initiated by women generally last 3 times long than those initiated by men†. We then refer back to the novel and as readers we discover a connection with what is presented and with Hester. Hester did not commit the affair because of â€Å"sex†. She was looking for love, love that Dimsdale had for her. Technically she did have a child out of marriage, but she did not have her because she was prostituting herself; Hester had Pearl from deep int imate love and passion. All she wanted was someone to be by her side and love her for the person she was.Obviously in the Puritan community, adultery was a great sin but in today’s society it is an open common issue. Some statistics on adultery include: †¢ That over a third of married men will cheat on their  wives; †¢ That nearly a quarter of all married women will cheat on their husbands; †¢ And that more than 50% of all marriages will be impacted by one of the spouses being unfaithful. †¢ Back in the 1960’s it was usually the husband who was unfaithful. Today, researchers are finding that women are just as likely as men to have an affair (Web. Kellybonewell. com).

Social Media and Freedom of Speech

Survey This survey is designed to authenticate for the designation of an industrial psychologist. It will just take 3-5 minutes. You are free to leave it at any time. Name: ________________________ Gender: * Male * Female Age: ______ Education: * Under Graduate * Post Graduate * Graduate Q1. What is your Qualification? _________________________________________________ Q2. Do you think you’re well qualified? * Yes * No Q3. What made you want to pursue a career in Industrial Psychology? ______________________________________________________________________________Q4. What are your goals and future plans as an Industrial Psychologist? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q5. How do you judge people by their history appearance or some other things? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________________________ PROBLEM SOLVING: Q6. What common workers anxieties are you aware of? Unrealistic or excessive worry * Sleep Disturbance * Jitteriness * Fatigue * Other (Please Specify in the provided area below). ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q7. What will you do if such a situation occurs? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Q8.If a worker or an employee asks help regarding anything will you help them as well as keep things secret? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Q9. If a worker is stressed out or have any mental problem how will you treat him? ___________________________________________________ _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ COMMON SITUATIONS: Q10.Will you hang out with a famous football player or a fundraiser? * Football player * Fundraiser Q11. Will you hang out with 10 years old boy or a solider? * 10 years old boy * Solider Q12. Will you hang out with a rapper or an Islamic member of the UK Muslim Organization? * Rapper and songwriter. * Islamic member of the British Islamic community. Q13. Will you hang out with a world class bowler or a person with physical defect? * World class bowler * Person with physical defect in arms FOR FURTHER INFORMATION YOU MAY CONTACT RESEARCHER

FIVE A DAY CAMPAIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

FIVE A DAY CAMPAIGN - Essay Example 174). Improper nutrition owing to bad eating habits also leads to health problems and illness (Kum 2.1). Moreover, lack of exercises and untimely eating habits can also contribute serious illness and health problems. It has been proved by scientific studies that lack of exercise is the root cause for all chronic diseases (Radley 1993, p.125). Apart from the individual attention to health and illness, government in all countries also does take care of the health of its populace. A large amount of money is allocated every year for health care and preservation by government in all countries as a primary commitment. In the United Kingdom, a series of reforms have been introduced in the middle of 1980s that emphasized the importance of management in the National Health Service (NHS) and reiterated the power of professional managers and prior studies have found that health care system in the country is relatively strong (Jost 2003p.220). The Department of Health and NHS have a challenging role creating and preserving a balanced health care system in the country. They have been successful in their efforts to improve the health of the population by innovative methods and reforms in the health care system. One of such initiative is the introduction of five a day (5-A- Day) campaign in the country to support and encourage the populace to have a healthy life and enjoyment. The program initiates the people to take at least 5 portions of vegetables or fruits a day per person to maintain health and lead a happy life. At this juncture, a research study is undertaken to explore the role of the campaign in the health care system of the country. Basically, the study aims at describing the system and its popularity among the people in the country. The study also undertakes to throw lights on the impact of the campaign to reduce diseases such as cancer and stroke. The researcher takes a survey approach for exploring these aspects by approaching focused group who are involved in th e campaign in one way or the other. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study to the role of five a day campaign in the health care system in the United Kingdom and study the impact of the system on the health of its populace. Specifically, the study aims at the following objectives: 1. To describe the role of Five A Day Campaign in the health care system in the UK 2. To understand the popularity of the system 3. To explore how effective the system is to achieve reduction in diseases 4. To help in further research in the area Research Methodology Every research study has a unique way of exploring a solution to its problem. This distinct steps or way of doing a particular research is known as research methodology. Research methodology for a study is unique and takes a fresh approach. However, the approach and methodology of past studies done in the similar field may be taken as a basis. The present study is qualitative in nature as it deals with only non-economic/financial data for the purpose of analysis and interpretation. This study is basically a survey research, which collects both primary and secondary data. However, primary data constitute the main source of data by which majority of the analysis has been done. The data collected are edited and coded to ensure

Term project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Term project - Essay Example Having done all of this, we adjusted the highway in accordance with the circumstances. Procedure: At the first, we set up the overall site of which the highway had to go over. Having done with the site work, we started to set up the highway. The first highway had only straight lines with no curves at all. Therefore, we had to bring in some curves in the highway. Having done with that, we started to set up the highway’s vertical alignment. However, there was a problem in the structure of the highway as at one particular point, the highway had to go through a piece of land. Moreover, at one point, there had to be a piece of land placed below the highway. We must include in the report that we had to remove the soil from the point where the high way needed to go through in order to fill the empty space under the high way. Discussion: We have to consider many issues when designing the highway and include all of them in the report. For example, traction is one of the main issues. We have to make the curves of the road on an incline in order to offer good traction. This means that there must be an incline for every curve on the highway. Apart from this, another issue is the two sections of the highway in which soil needs to be removed to fill the empty space under the highway. It will not only offer a good level of stability for the highway but also will lower the cost for making the highway strong. Conclusion: To sum it up, we had to set up a terrain for this project and then had to make a vertical, as well as a horizontal alignment of a highway on that particular terrain. Therefore, we had to adjust the highway by considering the potential obstacles and issues. Such problems include strength of the highway, traction, and the financial

European Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

European Labour Market - Essay Example The empirically based studies concentrate on the evolutionary models or on management literature which emphasize on the price competitiveness and the shares of the export market as an important tool in the investigation of the contribution of the strategies induced in the balancing of the costs and productivity (Aiginger, 2004). The paper will focus on different aspects of the unemployment of the Sweden and various policy implications from 1970s till date with the help of various economic theories. Unemployment in Europe from the decades of 1970s The sharp decline in the unemployment increased drastically across the globe with the crash of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. But unlike many areas of the world, unemployment in several European countries has never returned back to the low levels during the Golden Age after the Second World War. The unemployment in the European Union is a major problem. The Euro zone members encountered high levels of unemployment rates an d it increased rapidly in the early 1970s in parallel to the consolidation of an integrated economy and its size and the complexity has been approaching as that of the USA which presents a sharp contrast (Nixson & Artis, 2007, p. 354). The hardcore explanation which stands in this way is that the growth of the industrialized economies became much more unstable and became vulnerable to frequent shocks which include oil price shocks or the exchange rate fluctuations from the period of 1970 onwards. The countries with the flexible labor market rules such as modest unemployment benefits, light employment protection legislation and a low degree of union power which are used in the management of the absorption of these shocks with a much accelerated pace with the comparison to other rigid institutions . The enhancement in the number of the unemployed in Europe can be attributed to the interaction between shocks and institutions. But it has also been encountered often that extensive unempl oyment benefits generate the problem of moral hazard where the workers receive fractional protection against unemployment and they are less likely to search jobs. People studded with strong work ethics will be finding it difficult to rely on the benefits without actively looking out for jobs while the others try to remain on the benefits as long as possible. Therefore the average values in a country have an impact on the size of the moral hazard problem and hence on the cost of providing generous unemployment benefits. Expectations will be on the countries where the workers generally posses a weaker work ethic in order to have a lower ‘replacement ratio’ which is the level of benefits relative to wages (Michau, 2009, p. 14). The employment rate is the number of the total employed and the self employed population of the working age. In the early 1960s the EU 15 the employment ratio was higher than that of the USA but it fell in the 1970s but picked up pace in the 1990 wi th falling sharply with the recession of 2008-2009 (Â  El-Agraa, 2011 p.373). In recent years defenders of the European social model proposed that capitalism augmented by a generous and interventionist welfare state which have taken the praising to Scandinavia to a sky rocketed level. The Nordic

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Essay Example Nevertheless, nursing has much more as a whole that what it appears to be to the ordinary citizens. I will be exploring throughout this paper my nursing philosophy, which pertains to what I believe to be the principal feature of nursing. In so doing, I will explore how I view my role, responsibilities, as well as how I plan to deliver care to patients. To begin with, my nursing philosophy and beliefs are based on the following premises: knowledge, compassion/caring, time management, respect, privacy of patients and honesty. My motive of pursuing a nursing as a career is based on the seven-value system. Nursing, unlike other careers, is pursued with the aim of helping and caring for others. I strongly believe that the success of a nurse depends hugely on the knowledge and the ability to use the knowledge in the health care setting. Polifroni and Welch (1999) argue that a good nurse must know the diseases, as well as the disease processes. This implies that a nurse must be able to appl y the knowledge and skills gained from class to the place of work to ensure effectiveness. However, it is worth noting that merely passing exams does not mean that the nursing student will be able to apply the knowledge in the healthcare setting. ... According to Dahnke and Dreher (2011), a dutiful nurse must also be able to think holistically in anticipation of the needs of his or her patients. To do this, a nurse must be able to prioritize health care concerns within the patient’s personal diagnosis and the entire patients that the nurse is taking care of. Time management is highly critical since it ensures that all the pressing needs are attended to on time. A nurse who is poor in time management and organization cannot succeed in providing quality health care expected on time given the daily responsibilities and shifts. I also strongly believe that to be a successful nurse, one needs to be compassionate and caring. These are values, which were instilled in me during my upbringing as a child by my parents and relatives. In the nursing profession, one needs to have a sense of compassion and care for patients and their families. As I earlier indicated, nursing is a calling and entails caring and providing treatments to pa tients and their family members. As a nurse, one must have a sense of compassion and be caring because patients come with different complications and needs - some emotional while others are physical. Therefore, a nurse must be prepared to handle both the physical and emotional needs of patients, according to Dahnke and Dreher (2011). In fact, most nurses fear working with patients with complicated emotional needs. However, I came to discover that these patients are easy to work with as long as a nurse has the sense of compassion and care. It became apparent that once a close relationship and trust is built between the nurse and the patients such patients become very humble and easy to work with. This indicates the importance of empathy and compassion in nursing

1. Asian economic integration and production networks OR 2. Review the Essay

1. Asian economic integration and production networks OR 2. Review the following paper online - Essay Example is that back in the mind of millions or even billions of people who contribute the know-how, skills and labor towards the production of a single piece of pencil, most likely never have a pencil in mind as the final product of their contributions (Read, 2008). The only thing that binds all the numerous people together towards the production of a small piece of pencil, which they may never even use throughout their lifetime, is their personal needs. The people involved in cutting down the trees used to produce the wood pieces that are eventually turned into a pencil, do not even know what the tree will be used for, while the people who make the power saws and logging machines never take their time to think that the end product for their inventions is likely to be (Read, 2008). Similarly, the miners in the Mexico mines who produces graphite, the farmers in the Dutch East Indies who cultivates the rape-seed oil crops in their farms, the farmers who cultivate coffee in Brazil to be eventually brewed and served to the workers in the pencil manufacturing factory and offices, as well as the producers of pumice in Italy, do not know the end product of the labor. The fact of the matter is that all the small contributions that the billions of people make in their respective areas while in different countries, end-up as a piece of pencil in the shelves of book stores and shops. To this edge therefore, a single product that reaches the consumer is a factor of millions or billions of laborers, who do not actually know what they are contributing to, but only understands their desires and necessities (Read, 2008). Simply put therefore, the goods, services and innovations that have transformed the world are a product of people who neither know nor care about them. The desire to exchange the skills, know-hows and labor by different individuals for the goods and services they need is the ultimate source of a consumable product. The second main argument that has been advanced by

Re-evaluation before the Development of Technology Essay

Re-evaluation before the Development of Technology - Essay Example Man required various tools for use in hunting, gathering fruits and tubers used as food, as well as weaponry for protection against the attack by animals. This led to the use of stone tools, which were shaped appropriately, then, to the wooden and later to the metallic tools, which required further systems of shaping and designing them for appropriate application (Berkman, 1962). With the need to shape the metallic tools, technological need arose, which would melt the metal and then shape them into various tools. Secondly, the need for locomotion started with forging rafters to be used for moving across streams, paving way for the development of masts to harness the wind and use it to propel the boats, and later the development of steam-powered engines. All these were steps in the technological development. b. Near past The controversy in the Near Past phase of technological development is the environmental degradation, the negative effects of the GMO food on human health and the une mployment caused by the replacement of the human workers by machines in industries and various business firms. The near past technological development counts for the period between the 20th and the 21st century, where technological advancement emerged in the form of development of road transport and the automotive industry, office work technologies, manufacturing and other business operational technologies, as well as advancement in air industry (Swaminatha, 2011). Further alternative sources of energy such as nuclear were exploited, while great strides were made in the agricultural sector with the development of the genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as well as various agricultural production technologies. Further advancements were made in the field of medicine and public health with organ transplants technologies evolving, as well as many other life-saving technologies. The communication technology further advanced with the arrival of mobile phones and other communication devi ces. c. Currently i. Current status of the issue The controversy in the current phase of technological development is the threat posed by the internet and cybercrimes on the welfare of the people, as well as the threat of the nuclear weaponry development, which is posing the threat of a third World War, which may have worst consequences, than any other war that has been experienced in the world. The current phase of technological development is marred with computer technology, internet technology and the nuclear weapon technology, all of which have made the fear of the worst war ever occurring. Through the internet and the computer technology, the threats of terrorism in the world have increased immensely, while the online frauds and financial scams have posed a great threat to the online business operations (Swaminatha, 2011). ii. Division in attitude towards the claim There are major supporters of the technological development due to the advantages it has brought to the modern wor ld such as the ease of communication through the mobile devices as well as the internet platforms such as social media, the ease of buying and selling commodities through online marketing platforms and the improved knowledge creation and sharing through the internet

History of the Republican Party in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of the Republican Party in Texas - Essay Example 105). Republicans struggle led to formal organization of the party, and they held their first state convention on July 4 at Houston. Republican leadership came from wartime Texas Unionists and antebellum, who were supporters of Sam Houston (scalawags), newly franchised blacks, and recent immigrants from the North (carpetbaggers) (Newell et al. 136). Texas Unionists controlled the party’s proceedings. The party’s first convention that was held in Houston was chaired by Elisha M. Pease, former governor, and Col. John L. Haynes, commander of the First Texas Cavalry, was the party’s fist executive-committee chairman (Newell et al. 141). Blacks are one of the groups that strongly supported the Republican Party in Texas in the early days. The GOP membership comprised of 90 percent African Americans, and about 44 African Americans served in the Texas legislature as Republicans (Newell et al. 147). Blacks strongly supported Republican Party because one of its main agendums was to abolish slavery. The Republican club of Texas was founded in 1947 by Captain J. F. Lucey of Dallas (Newell et al. 204). Through this club, a drive was initiated to establish a potent Republican Party in the Lone Star State (Newell et al. 204). The Republican Party of Texas entered transitional era between 1950 and 1978. During this period, this party increasingly gained strength and popularity. The number of Texans who identified themselves with the party at the state level increased significantly. Republican’s presidential candidates secured more than 48 percent of votes during 1960s and 1970s, except in 1964 and 1968 (Newell et al. 217). 1961 marked the party’s greatest achievement, when John G. Tower won the United States senate in a special election to replace Lyndon B. Johnson. This gave the party strong leadership, and its geographic and urban bases remained strong (Newell et al.

Understanding How Learners Learn Essay Example for Free

Understanding How Learners Learn Essay There are many books and Internet websites written about the VARK Theory. It is the trainingfairys opinion that as adult trainers we are not always interested in the in-depth theory, you need to have an understanding and run with it. This page will hopefully provide you with this understanding and refer you to books and websites to explore this subject further if you wish to. I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand. (Confucius 551-479 BC) .This quote indicates that from the early ages people had different learning preferences. Read the VARK model below and determine what Confucius learning preference might have been. VARK Probably the easiest to understand and implement in your training programme. This theory is based on the FOUR main learning preferences your learners will have. VISUAL- learners who would like to see it on the whiteboard, flip charts, walls, graphics, pictures, colour. They are probably your creative students, love using different colours in their workbooks, want to make their pages look pretty etc AUDITORY-learners who would like to sit back and listen. They dont make a lot of notes READ/WRITE- learners who need to read the information for themselves and they take a lot of notes KINESTHETIC-learners who can not sit still for long, like to fiddle with things. They like to be actively involved in their learning. It is important that you understand your own learning preference as you will be delivering in that preference as well. If your preferred learning style is visual, you will deliver in a very visual way as that suits you, but does it suit your learners? When planning your session, check that your delivery techniques have covered all of the above preferences otherwise some students are missing out on learning opportunities. Please note that the VARK model is also known as VAK however many educators prefer to have the R added to the model . In the Revision section the need for repetition has been explained. On average you will need to repeat information that you want learners to retain at least 6 times. So if you cover all of the above learning preferences you automatically cover the same material 4 times already. Now have a look at your preferred learning preference and the way you deliver as a facilitator Hopefully, you have identified yourself. Now of course it is possible that you are strong in more than ONE learning preference. This is called Multi Modal and your students can be multi modal as well. But now imagine that you have a very strong Kinesthetic preference and your class preference is 80% Read/Write. How do you think you feel if none of the students like to get involved in your practical delivery? You probably call the students boring while the students dislike coming to your class because they have to do all these activities, while all they want to do is read the book and write an essay!If you have done the VARK test today, I encourage you to do it again in 6 months time. Most trainers preferences seem to shift as they learn to appreciate the other learning preferences, especially if you were very strong in just one, you will find as you start getting better at incorporating all 4 that you become more Multi Modal. Whatever you are, be assured there is no good or bad preference. It is an awareness that will help you with your delivery and ultimately your classroom management. Training room application From the above table you will find that one activity could cater for different learners at the same time. The small group activity could be: read page 10-20, create a poster summarising the contents and present to the class . Visual- create the poster- they probably do all the creative stuff, and want to use lots of colour Auditory- need to listen as ideas are put forward as to what to put on the poster. Will listen to the presentation Read/Write- will actually read the pages and feedback to the rest of the group. Will want to do the writing on the poster Kinesthetic- will put the presentation together and want to make it fun Why when we are all the same species do we vary so much in the way we learn, and the way we respond to different types of teaching and communication methods? Online resources: What is synaesthesia http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/mente/synaesthesia.htm What the learner does is more important than what the teacher does. http://www.geoffpetty.com/style.html Understanding how your learners learn, is your success. http://www.trainingfairy.com/Classroom+delivery/VARK+Theory.html Reith Lecture No. 4 – VS Ramachandran – Purple numbers and sharp cheese http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2003/lecture4.shtml

Martin Luther King Memorial in Yerba Buena Gardens Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Memorial in Yerba Buena Gardens Essay Situated on the corner of 4th St. and Mission St., in downtown San Francisco is Yerba Buena Gardens. Sounds from the hustle and bustle of cars driving and people walking permeate Yerba Buena Gardens, except in one particular location. In one corner of the gardens stands a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial. The memorial is breathtakingly beautiful with a fifty foot high and twenty foot wide waterfall that falls over Sierra granite. In the Memorial’s hallway, visitors read quotes from Dr. King himself that are engraved on glass panels and set in granite. The physical beauty of the memorial is undeniable, however many people are not aware of the symbolism lying beneath the memorial’s surface. The memorial’s waterfall symbolizes the realization of Dr. King’s dreams the realization of Dr. Kings dream, the tears shed by millions and of the voices of African Americas The memorial also reminds us of the oppressed African Americans whose voices were drowned out ignored; yet, it is apparent that society was pushed backwards in the race to equality with the mandatory evacuation of thousands of people due to the development of the Yerba Buena Gardens. King Jr. dreamt that all human beings, regardless of skin color, will one day be able to live in a completely free, just, and non-discriminatory society. It was his dream of an equal society that pushed Martin Luther King Jr. to become an advocate for universal suffrage. Even though the United States already had universal suffrage, unfair literacy tests and poll taxes plagued the voting process and disqualified nearly all impoverished African Americans from voting 1. King wanted a colorblind society; a society where all human beings are treated equally and respectfully and given the same personal liberties and political freedom. Martin Luther King argued, in his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, that â€Å"we are not satisfied until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream† 2. This quote from Dr. King’s speech is inscribed on the right end wall of the memorial. After reading the final inscribed quote, it is apparent that the purpose of the waterfall is to signify the realization of Martin Luther King’s dream of a just society. Justice , The United States Martin Luther King’s dream of justice in today’s society; a monumental victory of justice over prejudice. It is so easy to forget about what it took for America to become a truly free and nondiscriminatory nation. The mists are a necessary reminder for people in today’s society that personal liberty and political freedom should never be taken for granted. Though Yerba Buena Gardens is situated in downtown San Francisco, a busy city filled with loud noises, the memorial itself is peculiarly quiet and calm. The memorial’s serenity is due to the overpowering, yet surprisingly tranquil sound of the rushing water from the waterfall. The power of the waterfall to drown out all exterior noise is phenomenal. It is impossible to even hear what someone is saying when they are right next to you. Visitors try to overcome the sound of the rushing water by screaming or whistling, but are unsuccessful. Independent from life’s distractions, visitors are given the opportunity to absorb all that the memorial and Dr. King’s words have to offer. Visitors can take this time to self-reflect and to appreciate the efforts of earlier generations fighting for equality during our nation’s infancy. The undeniable strength of the waterfall’s sound to obscure all external noise makes Being incapable of expressing feelings or thou ghts leaves an unfamiliar and dreadful sensation. People living in today’s society are usually ignorant to this unfamiliar, almost claustrophobic feeling of screaming at the top of your lungs without a single person acknowledging your frustrations. During our nation’s history, however, nearly all African Americans struggled with this same frustration. Helpless against the white minority, blacks throughout history struggled to get their concerns addressed and their votes counted. The visitor’s inability to communicate vocally is short-lived and fortunately, only lasts as long as it takes for the person to walk through the memorial. African Americans, however, were plagued with powerlessness for hundreds of years. Martin Luther King Jr. felt obliged to provide a voice for all African Americans stripped of the right to do so on their own. Due to the hard work of Martin Luther King, civil rights leaders and activists, and President Johnson, on August 6, 1965 the Voting Rights Act was signed into law, which banned the use of literacy tests and also required stricter monitoring of the use of poll taxes in state and local elections† 3. Finally, the time had come when African Americans could voice their opinions and have them be heard, and vote for the political constituent whom carried similar beliefs and morals. The development of the Yerba Buena Gardens, as part of the â€Å"Urban Renewal Project† was not always considered to be something positive and beneficial. During the 1950’s, city planners forced thousands of people living in the South of Market area out of their homes, arguing that the area was â€Å"dangerous ‘Skid Row’ ripe for redevelopment, populated by â€Å"bums† and â€Å"transients† whose fate mattered little† 4. City planners left out the important fact that many people who lived in this area were elderly and poor and had â€Å"little defense against the federal bulldozer† 5. The city did try and relocate as many people as possible, but only had 276 units of new housing to replace thousands of demolished units. Thousands were left homeless and kicked out of possibly the only home they have ever known and will ever know, due to lack of job skills needed to find employment. The irony of placing a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial, a man who advocated for equality and justice until his assassination, on land where thousands of impoverished people were evicted just a couple years earli er, is almost too horrific to comprehend. The hypocrisy in the decision to place this memorial at the Yerba Buena Gardens is undeniable and unforgiveable. The memorial’s waterfall is a reminder of the relentless adversity that plagued millions of blacks for thousands of years and the tears they shed. The waterfall also symbolizes the realization of Dr. King’s dream. The eviction methods used during the Urban Renewal period to obtain the land where the memorial sits were ethically questionable, however it is still important to visit this monument from time to time. The memorial stands there in the middle of Yerba Buena Gardens, in the middle of downtown San Francisco, as a silent, yet constant reminder to never take anything for granted and to always remember the blood, sweat, and tears shed by millions in order for people today to enjoy and exercise the complete personal liberty and political freedom that we are so fortunately blessed with.

Why I Chose to Study Engineering

Why I Chose to Study Engineering The significant contribution of engineers to the local and global communities is what has inspired me to study engineering. There are many disciplines of engineering though I have chosen to study architectural engineering. In this essay, I will reflect on my choice of study and explore the skills and contributions of architectural engineering. I will discuss what factors have inspired and motivated my choice of study, the roles of an architectural engineer, the attributes required to be a successful engineer, how they serve society and the obstacles that will be faced in the industry. I did not choose architectural engineering at random, there are some aspects that inspired and motivated my choice. I have always known I wanted to pursue a career in engineering, as I enjoy mathematics and physics, but I was unsure of which field. My personal interests have had a large impact on my choice of study. I love to design and create, take on new challenges, solve problems and give back to my community. Originally, I intended to study mining engineering and participated in a week of work experience at a mine. After that week, I believed that it was not for me. I had heard of architectural engineering and thought I would check it out. I researched everything I could about it and knew that it was the field I wanted to do. Architectural engineers give so much to the community through the structures they assist in designing. I hope to be able to help create systems that will assist our society. There were times when I was doubtful as engineering is a male-dominate field and the only course available is in Melbourne. However, my parents have pushed me to pursue my dream. They are my motivation, I do not want to let them down. I aspire to make them proud. Architectural engineers apply engineering principles and technology to the design, construction and planning of buildings. They are responsible for taking a design from an architect and developing the details of the buildings structural and environmental systems. The systems of a building include: structural integrity, heating/air conditioning systems, ventilating systems, plumbing, fire protection and electrical systems [1]. As shown in [2] architectural engineering incorporates elements of several other engineering disciplines including mechanical, electrical, fire protection, and others. Some architectural engineers may focus on specific areas, such as a structures capability to endure the stress of natural disasters. While others may concentrate on improving air quality, energy efficiency and minimising environmental impact. They work in teams with architects and engineers who a specialist in other fields [1]. As to be able to design and construct a stable and safe building, they need to be able to communicate, work together and solve problems. The attributes of a successful engineering can be listed in to three categories set by Engineers Australia. These three categories are: knowledge and skill base; engineering application ability; and professional and personal attributes [3]. The first two categories are based on having an understanding and application of engineering, mathematics and physics. The last category includes many of the key attributes required to be a successful architectural engineer. The ability to communicate with others and work in a team environment are two of the main key attributes. An engineer needs to be able to communicate well, both orally and in writing, to not just other engineers but also other specialist. In the industry, there will be times when engineers must work with others that may not have the same level of knowledge, so they must convey technical ideas in non-technical language understood by the audience [3]. Architectural engineers need to be creative, inquisitive, analytical and detai l-oriented [1]. This will enhance their problem-solving skills and lead to further ideas and developments that will serve society. Architectural engineering has a large impact on the systems that support societys standard of living [4]. Engineers are continuously aiming to improve and develop concepts that will greatly benefit society through the use of science and technology. Architectural engineers create building systems based on what is requested from society [4]. They have developed buildings that can withstand the stress of a natural disaster. They strive to create safe and convenient places for people to work and live. The designs developed by architectural engineers do not just benefit society with the final structure but also during the planning and construction phases. The different stages of a project require people from different professions, initiating many job opportunities for people within the communities. When architectural engineers have a project, they aim to create a safe and functional building suited for the consumers but this doesnt come without many obstacles. In the work force, there will be obstacles and challenges. There are many factors that could impact a project including: environmental impact, budgeting, resources and work environment. There are major concerns from society about the environmental impact of projects, thus engineers are trying to minimise our impact [5]. Budgets are a foremost factor in the creation and construction of a building as it is what gives architectural engineers a guideline, though sometimes it is considered a constraint. The budget allowed also impacts the availability of resources and materials. Architectural engineers can only create a building with what is available as it is unprofessional to start a project and realise that there is a limited amount of the building materials. The final factor, workplace environment as seen in [6] is the most critical factor in maintaining the productivity rate and satisfaction levels of a workplace and employees. The main aspect that has inspired me to study architectural engineering is the large contribution it has on improving and developing societys standard of living. In this essay, I have reflected, discussed and explored the aspects that have inspired and motivated my choice of study, the responsibilities and role of an architectural engineer, the attributes required to become an accredited engineer, the impact that they have on society and the challenges that will be faced in the workplace. References [1] Architectural Engineering Overview, Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.careercornerstone.org/pdf/archeng/archeng.pdf [2]C. Ozansoy, Class Lecture, Topic: Chapter 1 What is Engineering? NEF1103, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Feb., 27, 2017. [3] D. Dowling, R. Hadgraft, A. Carew, T. McCarthy, D. Hargreaves and C. Ballie, What is Engineering? in Engineering Your Future: An Australasian Guide, 3rd ed. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2016, ch.1, pp. 24-27. [4] University of Michigan (2013, Aug. 2). 2013 James R. Mellor Lecture William Banholzer [Video file]. Accessed on: Mar. 19, 2017. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XY4mMZNGl4 [5]D. Dowling, R. Hadgraft, A. Carew, T. McCarthy, D. Hargreaves and C. Ballie, Sustainable Engineering, in Engineering Your Future: An Australasian Guide, 3rd ed. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2016, ch.3, p. 119. [6]E. Ajala, The Influence of Workplace Environment on Workers Welfare, Performance and Productivity, The African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 141, 2012.

Smart Impaired :: essays research papers

Smart Impaired Traditional values have always implemented the idea of an intellectual life style, that education is the sole key to success in life. Although there is an undeniable truth in that spectrum in the long run, there are advantages to being stupid when the run is short. Stupid is so politically incorrect, but then it does no harm to the spoken party since their comprehension of vocabulary words whose spelling exceeds three letters is dim. When can you say that you are under no pressure than when you're stupid? Lowered expectations only lead to less disappointments, so stupidity is not a bad quality to have. Smart kids, are two kinds, one whose gift of smart is common sense and one who is just plain gifted. They constantly work their butts off to achieve some award, and in statistical artificial jargon, ninety-eight percent fall to the hell pit of being average students. And who remembers average kids, surely stupid kids are noted more for the last hilarious thing they did, such as irritating the most revered teacher with enthusiastic inquiries about unrelated subjects. A stupid kid is never erased from the memory, you'll always find yourself recalling their incessant wit. " What year was the war of 1812 again ? " I remembered so well when Jeremy Hershonmire asked that question about, oh, a million times. It all sent us laughing about his seriousness while asking the question. There was also a school wide spelling bee with mandatory participation. It was a show that supposedly displayed the accelerated curriculum at our school. After the spelling bee, while most smart kids would of been frustrated because of their failure to capture victory, Jeremy Hershonmire was content with being able to spell the d-i-s in the word dissipated. Stupid people are also counted on to do less work. They are never picked on at math class, so they are not reluctant to incorrectly elucidate Desargues's theorem, or be in the inconvenience of trying to show everybody how to solve a problem. In algebra last year, the class was subsequently segregated in three groups: people who did their homework, people who understood algebra and did their homework, and people who were dunces. Lucas Kaith was one of the dunces, he sat in class everyday and I almost literally saw algebra go through one ear and out the other. And through the course of the year I never heard Mrs.

Mutual Funds Essay -- essays research papers

Mutual funds are an easy, convenient way to invest, without having to worry about choosing individual stocks. A mutual fund can be defined as a single portfolio of stocks, bonds, and/or cash managed by an investment company on behalf of many investors. The investment company manages the fund, and sells shares in the fund to individual investors. When one invests in a mutual fund, they become a part-owner of a large investment portfolio, along with all the other shareholders of the fund. The fund manager invests the contributions when shares are purchased, along with money from the other shareholders. Every day, the fund manager counts up the value of all the fund's holdings, figures out how many shares have been purchased by shareholders, and then calculates the net asset value(NAV) of the mutual fund, which is the price of a single share of the fund on that day. If the fund manager is doing a good job, the NAV of the fund will usually get bigger and the shares will be worth more. There are a couple of ways that a mutual fund can make money in its portfolio. A fund can receive dividends from the stocks that it owns. Also, the fund might have money in the bank that earns interest, or it might receive interest payments from bonds that it owns. At the end of the year, a fund makes another kind of distribution, this time from the profits they might make by selling stocks or bonds that have gone up in price. Unfortunately, funds don't always make money. For example, the fund manager could have made some investments that didn't work out, sold some investments for less than the original purchase price, and there may be some capital losses. Most mutual funds invest in stocks, and these are called "equity funds." Some funds specialize in investing in large-cap stocks, others in small-cap stocks, and mid-cap stocks. Large-cap stocks have market caps of billions of dollars, and are the best-known companies in the U.S. Small-cap stocks are worth several hundred million dollars, and are newer, up-and-coming firms. Mid-caps are somewhere in between. There are also bond funds that purchase bonds issued by corporations, municipal governments, or the federal government agencies. You can invest in tax-free bond funds, just as you can buy tax-free bonds, and the interest you earn is exempt from federal a... ...nd some of the advantages and disadvantages mentioned earlier I found a fund that was interesting. The Domini fund only invests in companies that are part of the Domini Social Index. The index excludes companies that derive more than 2% of sales from military weapons, sell any alcohol or tobacco or own interest in nuclear power plants. The remaining large-cap stocks are then evaluated according to other social criteria: diversity, employee relations, the environment and the product. For example, a company may give a lot of money to community organizations but may be rabidly polluting the environment. In a situation like this, the analyst will carefully consider the pros and cons before including the company in the index and in the fund. Investment requirements were also a factor for considering this fund and the Domini fund requires a minimum initial investment of $2,000. However, the company can waive the minimum investment to a mere $25 each month. The fund has been around sinc e 1991 and has had an average annual return of 20.61% for the last 8 years. It returned 32.99% in 1998 (while the S&P500 returned 28.58%). It invests 25.85% of its assets in technology and is no load.

The Deception of Visual Memory :: Photography Essays

The Deception of Visual Memory What is visual memory? And what does it mean to remember through images? Unlike verbal memory, visual memory functions primarily through a dependence on its materiality, on the texture and availability of the paintings, icons, photographs, films, and video clips that give it shape. We remember whole events through condensed images that reduce complex and multidimensional phenomena into memorable scenes. The meanings of wars, political conflicts, tragic romances, and cataclysmic disasters can all be found within a painter's brush or a camera's lens, as in Emanuel Leutze's 1851 rendition of George Washington crossing the Delaware River or Joe Rosenthal's photographic capture of the flag-raising atop Iwo Jima during World War II. The materiality of visual memory is deceptive, in that it overstates elements of the visual that cater particularly well to memory work. Visual memory depends on images that are simplified, conventional, schematic, and often composite. These images tend to arbitrarily connect with the event or object being remembered, rarely making explicit how they construct what we see and remember. Collectively held images thus act as signposts, directing people who remember to preferred meaning by the fastest route. These signposts are deceptive, favoring certain strategies for making, collecting, retaining, storing, recycling, and forgetting images that privilege certain ways of remembering over others. With photographs, visual memory's deception is particularly acute.We need only think of the photo of a dazed Jackie Kennedy gazing upon the swearing-in of Lyndon Baines Johnson as the next U.S. President or of the image of a small boy, his hands stretched above his head, being herded out of the Warsaw Ghetto by German soldiers, to recognize how well photographs work as vehicles of memory. But their strength is offset by the fact that in memory, one function of photography - its ability to "tell it like it is," commonly called its verisimilitude - is understated in order to privilege a second function - the ability of the photo to act as a symbol. In memory, then, contingent details matter less than the way in which contingent details are made part of a larger interpretive scheme. Holocaust photography bears this out with troubling implications for our understanding of contemporary atrocity. Photos of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps in 1945 were recorded with inaccurate or incomplete captions, with few credits, and with an uneven relationship to the words at their side.

Discuss the role of Marketing and the Marketing Department using an organization of your choice to illustrate the points you make

Marketing plays diverse roles in most organizations of the world. These roles have not been static but have changed with the changing times. Marketing helps in growing revenue for organizations. Every other activity of the organization contributes to the cost factor. It is only through the sale of goods, services and ideas that revenue is generated. Marketing plays a yeoman’s role in this regard. For example, organization XYZ recorded a revenue of 350 million dollars last year (2006). This was a twenty percent increment over that of the previous year (2005). The various marketing activities undertaken such as advertising, sales promotion, customer relation building and management, etc contributed in achieving this feat for organization XYZ. Marketing helps in positioning and branding the organization at the marketplace (Webster, Jr, 1992). There are several vendors and customers in the value chain and the ability of an organization to properly set itself apart from the competitive landscape to a large extent depends on how it is marketed. How an organization is perceived at the marketplace determines the extent to which it prospers. If an organization is poorly perceived, it is unlikely that it can garner the needed customers to patronize its goods and services. On the other hand, if it is well perceived and received by the consuming public, doing business becomes easier. It is the duty of marketing to make the right promises, to come up with an appropriate name and logo for the organization and in projecting a good corporate image for the organization at the marketplace. The marketing function plays a key role in managing several important connections between the customer and critical elements of the organization such as connecting the customer to the product and service delivery (Moorman and Rust, 1999). Special efforts are therefore made not only to woo new customers but also to hold unto the existing ones. Customer relationships building and management are important undertakings by the marketing function. Customer relationship management optimizes demand for the products and services of the organization. It involves in identifying and responding to needs of the customer (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005). Any organization that seeks to prosper at the marketplace cannot afford not to treat its customers well and meet their needs. Marketing plays a vital role in the implementation of supply chain management (Soonhong and Mentzer, 2000). Supply chain management refers to all of the strategies, processes and technologies that together form the basis for working with internal or external sources of supply (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005). Optimizing one’s supply chain does not only lead to drastic cost-savings but also ensures the goods are supplied when they are needed. Integrating an organization’s supply chain management and customer relationship management has been found to lead to even further greater efficiency and effectiveness (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005). Marketing also play an important role in new product development and product launch. The importance of new products to organization cannot be over-emphasized. Treacy and Wiersema (1995) have singled out product development or innovation with other two disciplines as the surest routes to competitive success. New products help in boosting growth and profit margins of the organization. . Some organizations even allot certain proportions of their profit margins that must be contributed by new products. In some cases the very survival of the organization hinges on the new products that it develops for the marketplace. Marketing actively encourages the active participation of customers in new product development. This is a trend gaining increased acceptance in recent years. Many business undertakings are founded on relationships such as strategic partnerships, alliances and networks (Gronroos, 1997). Marketing plays a vital role in fostering these relationships. This viewpoint has grown in recent times with the concept of relationship marketing. According to Gummesson (1996) the primary role of marketing is to connect suppliers and customers, which also include other stakeholders, both inside and outside of the organization. Marketing also actively promotes the organization at the marketplace or society. Through advertising, sales and trade promotion, sponsorships, contests, etc, the organization sells itself and the goods and services it has on offer. It can therefore be said that without the role of marketing it may be difficult for the organization to be known and its products and services patronized by the general public. The social responsibility of the marketing function cannot go unmentioned. According to Handelman and Arnold (1999) marketers are becoming increasingly aware of the positive impact that marketing actions with a social dimension can have for their organizations. This dimension of marketing has been tied to organizational effectiveness in actively reaching and meeting the needs of target customers or market. Marketing also plays a vital role in corporate planning and decision-making. The research component of marketing provides managers with data on the effectiveness of current marketing mix and provides insights for necessary changes (McDaniel and Gates, 1999) as well as other information for managerial decision-making. Marketing research also offers an avenue for exploring new opportunities in the marketplace. According to Hogarth-Scott and Parkinson (1993) there are two parallel strands in the development of marketing within organizations. One is the growth of a corporate marketing department with responsibility for advertising, the conduct and or purchase of market research and corporate image building in the marketplace. Presently, a great deal of these functions are outsourced to advertising, research, media and brand development agencies. The marketing department plays a coordinating role between the outsourcee agencies and the organization. Apart from liaising with agencies, marketing departments are also responsible for developing marketing strategies and plans for the organizations. The other element, according to Hogarth-Scott and Parkinson (1993), is the role of the buyer and the trading departments. The trading department has influential clout in the organization. They are responsible for product selection, pricing, merchandising and promotion in the organization. To a large extent, effective marketing depends on an integrated organizational effort. There is no doubt that marketing function and the marketing departments have grown in influence in recent decades. According to Moorman and Rust (1999) there has been a movement towards thinking of marketing less as a function and more as a set of values and processes that all functions of the organization participate in implementing. In this view, marketing becomes everybody’s job, which potentially diffuses the marketing function’s role but increases marketing’s influence.

How do culture and society relate to each other Essay

What is culture and what is society? Even though these two definitions are closely related to each other, culture and society is not the same thing. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions, societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. People in societies also generally perceive that their society is distinct from others in terms of shared traditions and expectations. In the same time these two definitions are inevitable connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society. Cultures are not the products of lone individuals. They are the continuously evolving products of people interacting with each other. Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of the interaction of people. If you were the only human on earth, there would be no need for language or government. To summarize, a culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society. 2. 5 Critically analyse the application of the terms ‘culture’ and ‘society’ to every day life. If I should analyse the terms ‘culture’ and ‘society’ to every day life, first of all I should state the fact I am foreigner living in different country and because of that inevitable I have a different perception about the things around me in comparison with the locals. Customs and social patterns which seems perfectly normal for the others at times can feel actually pretty strange and not at place for me. British society differs widely from the society I was living in back home; it consists of different rules and patterns of public behavior. That’s why it’s only natural for me to experience numerous cultural differences daily. For example in British society manners are very important and people place considerable value on punctuality. In England, people make great effort to arrive on time. If you agree to meet friends at exact time you can be sure they will be on time. It is often considered impolite to arrive even a few minutes late. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you call the person you are meeting. In my country though nobody will pay attention if you are late a little for appointment. Especially when you are meeting with friends or even going to a party often a late arrival can considered to be very fashionable. Because of cultural differences sometimes it can occurred misunderstandings, in order to avoid that I need to be conscious of my actions in my every day life. 2. 6 Distinguish between personal perception and objective patterns. Personal perception is referred to the way how you see the world. It is related to the subjective, culture and cultural interpretation. Objective patterns are the patterns of behaviour, norms and rules which are imposed by the society and it is referred to the way how society see the world. Sometimes the personal perception can be in conflict with the objective patterns. One example of it is the Mormons. Mormons believe that men can marry as many women as they wish. From their point of view polygamy or plural marriage is acceptable and it is considerable for normal behavior. Ofcourse this is not how larger society sees it. Society rejects the idea strongly and considers polygamous relationships for illegal. Even though now polygamy is forbidden in all states of America, over a century ago it wasn’t prohibited in Utah until 1857 when the United States federal government forced Mormons to abandon the practice. According Wikipedia, the Mormons eventually complied and formally abolished the practice in 1890, in a document labeled ‘The Manifesto’. Bibliography: Damen, L. (1987). Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension on the Language Classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Linton, R. (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York. http://anthro. palomar. edu/culture/culture_1. htm http://www. woodlands-junior. kent. sch. uk/customs/questions/social. htm http://www. carla. umn. edu/culture/definitions. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy

Explaining Attitudes As Dependent Variable Education Essay

3.0 IntroductionThere are 12 subdivisions in this chapter. The first subdivision is an overview of the chapter. The 2nd subdivision discusses related theories used in this survey. Next, discusses variables and hypothesis used in this survey. The forth subdivision concentrating on Research Model and follow by population and samples used in this survey. Section six in this chapter explain the instrument used and section seven of this chapter explain briefly the measuring points used. Following subdivision discourse how the information aggregation done and follow by pilot survey and the dependability trial consequence for the pilot survey. Section eleven discuss about the information analysis and near by the sum-up of the chapter.3.1 Related TheoryIn explicating attitudes as dependent variable ( DV ) , this subdivision will discourse Diffusion of Innovation ( Rogers, 1995 ) and Technology Acceptance Model ( Davis et al, 1989 ) . For the independent variable ( IV ) , this subdivision pre sents sensed usefulness, sensed easiness of usage and external factors that comprise learning manners, web log competency and instructors ‘ demographic ( i.e. gender, twelvemonth of learning experience and instruction degree ) .3.1.1 Diffusion of Innovation Model ( DOI )Harmonizing to Rogers ( 1995 ) , a individual attitude towards a new engineering is a cardinal component in its diffusion. Rogers Innovation Decision Process theory provinces that inventions diffusion is a procedure that occurs overtime through five phases ( Figure 3.1 ) : Knowledge – the individual becomes cognizant of an invention and has some thought of how it functions. Persuasion – the individual forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude towards the invention. Decision – the individual engages in activities that lead to a pick to follow or reject the invention. Implementation – the individual puts an invention into usage. Confirmation – the individual evaluates the consequences of an innovation-decision already made.A Diffusion_of_Innovations_Theory-1.png Figure 3.1: Diffusion of Innovation Model ( Rogers, 1995 ) As Rogers ( 1995 ) had stated that instructors positive attitudes exhibit their induction into the innovation-decision procedure, this theory appears relevant for usage in survey instructors ‘ attitudes towards web log usage in learning. Teachers may hold already gone through the Knowledge and Persuasion phases ( Rogers, 1995 ) . They likely proceed to the Decision stage with the usage of web log in learning. Theorists have indicated, attitudes can frequently announce future decision-making behavior ( Ajzen & A ; Fishbein, 1980 ) . Zimbardo and Leippe ( 1991 ) defined attitude as an rating temperament toward some object based on knowledges, affectional responses, behaviors, and behavioral purposes. Harmonizing to Albirini ( 2004 ) and Chao ( 2005 ) , attitude is an informed sensitivity to react and consist three concept: Affectional – TheA affectiveA constituent of attitude is said to dwell of a individual ‘s rating of, wishing of, or emotional response to some state of affairs, object, or individual. Affectional responses reflect one ‘s attitude with esthesiss of pleasance, unhappiness, or other degrees of physical rousing. Cognitive – TheA cognitiveA constituent of an attitude is conceptualized as a individual ‘s factual cognition of the state of affairs, object, or individual, including oneself. In other words, the cognitive constituent refers to how much a individual knows about a subject, such as computing machines. Behavioural – TheA behaviouralA constituent of an attitude involves the individual ‘s open behavior directed toward a state of affairs, object, or individual. Therefore, this survey considered the three concepts of attitudes. Based on past researches, the Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM ) by Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) has widely used to look into users attitudes towards new engineering. Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) stressed that attitude of a user towards a system was a major determiner of whether the user will really utilize or reject the system. The following subdivision discusses the Technology Acceptance Model.3.1.2 Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM )Harmonizing to Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) , user attitude is influenced by two major beliefs: perceived usefulness and sensed easiness of usage, with sensed easiness of usage holding a direct influence on sensed utility. Finally, both these beliefs were suggested were straight influence by the system design features represented by external variables ( Figure 3.2 ) . External Variables Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease of Use Attitude towards Behaviour Behavioral Intention to Use Actual System Use Figure 3.2: Technology Acceptance Model ( Davis et al. , 1989 ) External variables typically include system features, user preparation, user engagement in design, and the nature of the execution procedure ( Venkatesh & A ; Davis, 1996 ) . As this research focuses on instructors and instruction, the external variables refer to learning manners, web log competency, and instructors ‘ feature which comprise gender, old ages of learning experience and degree of instruction.3.1.3 External Factors3.1.3.1 Teaching Manners As cited by Salem ( 2001 ) , learning manners refer to the processs or procedures adopted and employed by the instructor in order to accomplish the daily aims of the lesson. They are besides the conglobations of one ‘s positions, strong beliefs, and attacks on the attainment of maximal consequences in the teaching-learning procedure. Teaching manners are personal properties of a instructor and vary from one instructor to another. Harmonizing to Kaplan and Kies ( 1995 ) , learning manners refers to â€Å" a instructor ‘s personal behavior and media used to convey informations to or have it from the scholar † and involves the execution of the instructor ‘s doctrine about instruction ( Conti, 2004 ) . Teaching manners were classified in different ways. Salem ( 2001 ) classified learning manners as ocular, audile, group, kinesthetic, single and tactile. Ocular instruction manner – The instructor presents the lesson through images, studies, diagrams, graphs, or other related illustrations. Auditory learning manner – The instructor lectures or gives unwritten accounts most of the clip. Group learning manner – The instructor adopts group interaction and group treatment techniques in the learning the lessons. Kinesthetic instruction manner – The instructor engages the pupils in physical motions as they learn the topic. Individual instruction manner – The instructor requires single recitations, single undertakings, assignments, etc. Tactile learning manner – The instructor adopts â€Å" hands-on † activities. While Salem ( 2001 ) offered six instruction manners, Heimlich ( 1990 ) suggested learning manners into four spheres ; Expert, Provider, Facilitator and Enabler. Teacher with an â€Å" expert † preferred manner are capable oriented and seek efficiency in information sharing chiefly through talk. The â€Å" supplier † instructors are learner-cantered and desire effectivity in learning. Methods built-in to their manner of learning include group treatment, presentation and guided activities. The â€Å" facilitator † instructors are teacher-cantered and the methods of direction depend on capable content ; more than on the scholars. The â€Å" enabler † manner of instruction is really learner-cantered in that the scholars define both the activity and the procedure in the acquisition environment. Cano et Al. ( 1992 ) , Raven et Al. ( 1993 ) and Whittington and Raven ( 1995 ) used Heimlich ( 1990 ) definition and point used to determine the topics ‘ preferred instruction manner. This instrument defines two spheres, sensitiveness ( ability of the instructor to ‘sense ‘ the shared features of the group of scholars ) and inclusion ( teacher ‘s willingness and ability to use techniques to heighten the larning experience based on the groups ‘ features ) . The low inclusion and low sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled â€Å" expert. † A instructor who scores in the low inclusion and high sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled the â€Å" supplier. † The high inclusions and low sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled â€Å" facilitator. † The concluding dimension is the high inclusion and high sensitiveness quarter-circle and instructors with this manner are labelled â€Å" enabler. † Compared to others definition, Grasha ( 1996 ) is the 1 that popular among recent research workers ( Dugas, 2005 ; Kiong, 2006 ; Norzila et al. , 2007 ; Vaughn and Baker, 2008 ; Zamri et al. , 2009 ; Ahmad and Panai, 2010 ; and Kassaian and Ayatollahi, 2010 ) . Grasha ( 1994 ) place five instruction manners ; Expert, Formal Authority, Personal Model, Facilitator and Delegator. Expert – Possess cognition and expertness that pupil demand. Strive to keep position as an expert among pupils by exposing elaborate cognition and by disputing pupils to heighten their competency. Concerned with conveying information and insuring that pupils are good prepared. Formal Authority – Possesses position among pupils because of cognition and function as a module member. Concerned with supplying positive and negative feedback, set uping learning ends, outlooks, and regulations of behavior for pupils. Concerned with the correct, acceptable and standard ways to make things and with supplying pupils with the construction they need to larn. Personal Model – Beliefs in â€Å" instruction by personal illustration † and established a paradigm for how to believe and act. Oversees, ushers, and directs by demoing how to make things, and encouraging pupils to detect and so to emulate the teacher ‘s attack. Facilitator – Emphasized the personal nature of teacher-student interactions. Guides and directs pupils by inquiring inquiries, researching options, proposing options and promoting them to develop standards to do informed picks. Overall end is to develop in pupils the capacity for the independent action, enterprise, and duty. Work with pupils on undertakings in a advisory manner and attempts to supply every bit much as support and encouragement as possible. Delegator – Concerned with developing pupils capacity of map in a independent manner. Students work independently on undertakings or as portion of independent squads. The instructor is available at the petition of pupils as a resource individual. Table 3.1 Summary of Teaching Style ModelModelCategorized of Teaching StylesWriterHeimlich ( 1990 ) Expert Supplier Facilitator Enabler Cano et al. , 1992 ; Raven et al. , 1993 ; Whittington and Raven, 1995 Grasha ( 1996 ) Expert Formal Authority Personal Model Facilitator Delegator Dugas, 2005 ; Kiong, 2006 ; Norzila et al. , 2007 ; Vaughn and Baker, 2008 ; Zamri et al. , 2009 ; Ahmad and Panai, 2010 ; and Kassaian and Ayatollahi, 2010 ) Salem ( 2001 ) Ocular Auditory Group Kinesthetic Individual Tactile Salem ( 2001 ) , Soliven ( 2003 ) 3.1.3.2 Blog Competence Previous research suggests that instructors ‘ attitudes towards engineerings are besides related to instructors ‘ engineering competency. In their survey of the correlativity between instructors ‘ attitude and credence of engineering, Francis-Pelton and Pelton ( 1996 ) found that although many instructors believe computing machines are an of import constituent of a pupil ‘s instruction, their deficiency of cognition and experience lead to a deficiency of assurance to try to present them into their direction. Previous research has pointed to instructors deficiency of computing machine competency as a chief barrier to their credence and acceptance of ICT in developing states ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 ; Na, 1993 ; Pelgrum, 2001 ) . Albirini ( 2004 ) supported and widen the findings from old research. The bulk of respondents reported holding small or no competency in managing most of the computing machine maps needed by pedagogues. This determination did non supported the premise that instructors with low degree of computing machine competency normally have negative attitudes toward computing machines ( Summers, 1990 ) . On the other manus, Albirini ( 2004 ) found that computing machine competency was significantly related to instructors attitudes supports the theoretical and empirical statements made for the importance of computing machine competency in finding instructors attitudes toward ICT ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 ; Berner, 2003 ; Bulkeley, 1993 ; Na, 1993 ) . In add-on, the relationship between computing machine attitudes and competency suggests that higher computing machine competency may further the already positive attitudes of instructors and finally ensue in their usage of computing machines within the schoolroom. In this survey, web log competency mean by web log cognition and blogging accomplishments. 3.1.3.3 Teacher ‘s Demographics Besides Teaching Styles and Blog Competence as the external factors in this research, instructors ‘ demographics besides interested to research. Teachers ‘ demographics comprise gender, instructors ‘ instruction experiences and instruction degree. Gender: There are turning concerns about the low engagement of adult females in information engineering related callings ( Green, 1996 ; Idowu, Adagunodo & A ; Popoola, 2003 ) . Surveies have repeatedly found gender differences in attitudes towards IT. For case, Venkatesh and Morris ( 2000 ) and Drup ( 2004 ) found that males had more positive attitudes towards the usage of computing machines than females. Others such as Ray, Sormunen and Harris ( 1999 ) found the contrary to be the instance. However, in contrast to both sides, research workers such as Busch ( 1995 ) , Idowu ( 1997 ) , Asan ( 2000 ) , and Tiamiyu, Ajayi and Olatokun ( 2002 ) found no important relationship between gender and attitudes towards IT. Teaching Experiences: Surveies have shown that people who have used IT for some clip exhibit more positive attitudes towards IT ( Christensen, 1997 ; Gilmore, 1998 ) . Igbaria and Chakrabarti ( 1990 ) besides found that computing machine experience significantly affected attitudes toward computing machines. Christensen ( 1997 ) observed that with acquaintance, anxiousnesss and frights tend to diminish and assurance additions, and that people with anterior positive experience tend to be more willing to follow a engineering than those who have had either a anterior negative experience or no experience at all. In this survey, the research workers focus on learning experiences. Education Degree: Most of the instructors in Secondary Schools in Malaysia are in degree degree. Merely a few of them merely keep Diploma and Masters even Doctorate. Hamdan ( 2007 ) investigated the attitudes towards e-learning found that there are important difference in educational degree towards e-learning.3.2 VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESIS3.2.1 AttitudeRefering the significance of attitudes, different research workers gave different but somehow related definitions of the word. Aiken ( 1980 ) described attitudes as â€Å" erudite sensitivities to react positively or negatively to certain objects, state of affairss, constructs, or individuals † . Besides that, other research workers used psychological concepts to explicate attitudes. Loyd and Gressard ( 1984 ) , for illustration, divided the concept ‘attitudes ‘ into four different variables, which are: ( I ) computing machine liking ; ( two ) computing machine anxiousness ; ( three ) computing machine assurance, and: ( four ) perceived utility of the computing machine. There are research workers who seemed to be satisfied with Loyd and Gressard ‘s definition, like Koohang ( 1989 ) and Necessary and Parish ( 1996 ) . Furthermore, Zimbardo and Leippe ( 1991 ) defined attitude as an rating temperament toward some object based on knowledges, affectional responses, behaviors, and behavioral purposes. Likewise, Chao ( 2005 ) and Albirini ( 2006 ) defines attitude as an informed sensitivity to react and consist three concept, affectional, knowledge and behavioral. Besides that, Agbonlahor ( 2008 ) defined that attitude towards utilizing computing machines in instruction is a perceptual experience of the value of the usage of computing machines for his/her ain productiveness, every bit good as for the benefit of his/her pupils. Therefore, in this peculiar survey, attitude towards web log usage in instruction is a perceptual experience of the value of the usage of web log for his/her ain productiveness, every bit good as for the benefit of his/her pupils. Attitudes in this survey besides concept with affectional, cognitive and behavioral ( Zimbardo and Leippe, 1991 ; Chao, 2005 ; and Albirini, 2006 ; Agbonlahor, 2008. Several information systems surveies have identified attitude as one of the strongest factors act uponing successful IT usage in any administration ( Christensen, 1997 ; Agarwal & A ; Prasad, 1998 ; Gilmore, 1998 ) . Furthermore, research workers have found that although technological and fiscal barriers are rather important in the procedures of incorporating IT into instruction, pedagogues ‘ attitudes is even more so ( Gilmore, 1998 ) . Attitudes have been found to impact perceptual experiences, and therefore, rates of acceptance and extent of use of IT ( Agarwal & A ; Prasad, 1998 ; Pajo, 2000 ) . Albirini ( 2006 ) investigated the attitudes of high school instructors in Syrian toward ICT and found that participants had positive attitudes toward ICT in instruction. The respondents ‘ positive attitudes were apparent within the affectional, cognitive and behavioral spheres. The determination of research was similar with those of Hong and Koh ( 2002 ) , Psillosb et Al. ( 2003 ) , Shapka and Ferrari ( 2003 ) , Teo et Al. ( 2008 ) , Agbonlahor ( 2008 ) , Chen ( 2008 ) and Tezci ( 2009 ) .3.2.2 Perceived UsefulnessDavis ( 1985 ) defined sensed utility as the grade to which an person believes that utilizing a peculiar system would heighten his or her occupation public presentation. Perceived Usefulness is proposed to hold a direct impact on instructors ‘ attitude towards utilizing web log in instruction because instructors will be more positive to utilize system if it can give benefits to them. The sensed utility of computing machines can act upon attitudes toward computing machines, and the sum of assurance a instructor possesses in utilizing computing machines may act upon his or her execution in the schoolroom ( Gressard & A ; Loyd, 1985 ) . Teo et Al. ( 2007 ) found that pre-service instructors ‘ Perceived Usefulness was important in finding computing machine attitudes. This determination contributes to old research ( Legris et al. 2003 ; Huang & A ; Liaw 2005 ; Pituch & A ; Lee 2006 ) that found Perceived Usefulness to be a cardinal determiner on computing machine attitudes. If pupils perceived the utility of computing machine and experience confident in utilizing it, this will take to more positive attitudes ( Noiwan, Piyawat, & A ; Norcio, 2005 ) . Tg. Faekah et Al. ( 2008 ) found that perceived utility besides showed strong correlativities with attitude, analogue to old surveies by Garland and Noyes ( 2004 ) , Gao ( 2005 ) , Havelka ( 2004 ) , Hunt and Bohlin ( 1993 ) , McGrath and Thurston ( 1992 ) , McInerney, McInerney and Sinclair ( 1990 ) , Mitra and Steffensmeier ( 2000 ) , Teo ( 2006 ) and Yaghi ( 1997 ) . Student attitude toward computing machines is besides linked with how utile they think the computing machine is and the sum of experience they have in utilizing computing machines. Therefore, it is hypothesized: H1: A instructors ‘ Perceived Usefulness of web log in learning affects his/her attitude towards utilizing web log in instruction.3.2.3 Perceived Ease of UseDavis ( 1985 ) defined sensed easiness of usage as the grade to which an person believes that utilizing a peculiar system would be free of physical and mental attempt. Teo et Al. ( 2007 ) besides found that pre-service instructors ‘ Perceived Ease of Use had important effects on computing machine attitudes. The important relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and computing machine attitudes is a logical one and supports current research that positive computing machine attitude are associated with Perceived Ease of Use. Sime and Priestley ( 2005 ) found that pre-service instructors ‘ attitudes towards the usage of an ICT tool were influenced by how easy it was to utilize the tool and that they were loath to utilize a tool that seemed hard to utilize. Therefore, it is hypothesized: H2: A instructors ‘ Perceived Ease of Use of web log in learning affects his/her attitude towards utilizing web log in instruction.3.2.4 Blog CompetenceA big figure of surveies showed that instructors ‘ computing machine competency is a important forecaster of their attitudes toward computing machines ( Berner, 2003 ; Na, 1993 ; Summers, 1990 ; Albirini, 2006 ) . Summers ( 1990 ) found that instructors with low degree of computing machine competency normally have negative attitudes toward computing machines. On the other manus, the fact that computing machine competency was significantly related to instructors ‘ attitudes supports the theoretical and empirical statements made for the importance of computing machine competency in finding instructors ‘ attitudes toward ICT ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 ; Berner, 2003 ; Na, 1993 ; Albirini, 2006, Zhou et al. , 2010 ) . In add-on, the relationship between computing machine attitudes and competency suggests that higher computing machine competency may further the already positive attitudes of instructors and finally ensue in their usage of computing machines within the schoolroom. Therefore, it is hypothesized: H3: There is a important and positively relationship between instructors ‘ web log competency and their attitudes towards web log usage in learning3.2.5 Teaching StyleThis survey follow definition by Salem ( 2001 ) that refer learning manners to the processs or procedures adopted and employed by the instructor in order to accomplish the daily aims of the lesson. Grasha ‘s Model ( 1994 ) was used in this survey. Kiong ( 2006 ) found that the instruction manners of the lectors who teach portion clip instruction programme are more on facilitator, expert and delegator manner. Norliza et Al. ( 2007 ) showed that the three most dominant instruction manners of the lectors perceived by the pupils were Expert, Personal Model and Delegator. It was besides found that the pupils ‘ most preferable instruction manner was Facilitator. Zamri et Al. ( 2009 ) showed that the three instruction manners often used by lector were the personal theoretical account, facilitator and the delegator manner. Kassaian and Ayatollahi ( 2010 ) found that Formal Authority, Expert and Delegator were the most dominant instruction manners. A important difference exists in formal authorization and personal theoretical account among the lectors who teach theories based on learning experience and academic subject. However, the differences of learning manners merely occurred among the lectors who teach practical topic in delegator manner based on learning experience. ( Kiong, 2006 ) . However, Zamri et Al. ( 2009 ) found that there were important differences of the instruction manners based on the topics taught for the expert, formal authorization and the personal theoretical account. The survey besides showed that there was a important average difference for learning manners based on instructors experience for the facilitator manner. On the other manus, found that there were no important differences among the lectors who teach practical topic based on academic subject in their instruction manner ( Kiong, 2006 ) and school session and option ( Zamri et al. , 2009 ) . From the old research, it is hypothesized that: H4a: There is important and positively relationship between instructors with adept manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction. H4b: There is important and positively relationship between instructors with formal authorization manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction. H4c: There is important and positively relationship between instructors with personal theoretical account manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction. H4d: There is important and positively relationship between instructors with facilitator manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction. H4e: There is important and positively relationship between instructors with delegator manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.3.2.6 Teachers ‘ DemographicsSeveral research workers have found that females have more negative attitudes towards computing machine and ICT ( Akkoyunlu & A ; Orhan, 2003 ; Miura, 1987 ; Murpy, Coover & A ; Owen, 1989 ; Uzunboylu, 2004 ; Venkatesh & A ; Davis, 2000 ) . Kubiatko & A ; Halakova ( 2009 ) found that males have more positive attitudes toward ICT than females. Then, Kubiatko et Al. ( 2010 ) revealed the same consequence that males have more positive attitudes towards ICT as compared to females. On the other custodies, Teo ( 2008 ) found that no important differences were found in the survey, both male and females pre-service instructors at all ages were similar in their attitudes towards the computing machine and Cavas et Al. ( 2009 ) on their survey on scientific disciplines instructors in Turkish primary schools besides found that no important different between male and female instructors on a ttitude towards engineering. Experience were another factor that ever selected by research worker to analyze. Computer experience has been the most normally cited variable correlated to positive attitudes ( Dupagne & A ; Krendel, 1992 ; Woodrow, 1992 ; Chou 1997 ; Levine & A ; Donitsa-Schmidt 1998 ; Ropp 1999 ; Yang, Mohamed, & A ; Beyerbach, 1999 ; Winter, Chudoba & A ; Gutek, 1998 ; Smith, Caputi & A ; Rawstorne, 2000 ; YA ±ldA ±rA ±m, 2000 ; Gaudron & A ; Vignoli 2002 ) . For illustration, Woodrow ( 1992 ) reported correlativities between computing machine experience and attitudes toward engineering. Chou ( 1997 ) besides highlighted that computing machine experience influenced teacher attitudes toward computing machines. Ropp ( 1999 ) found that there is important relationship between computing machine entree & A ; hours of computing machine usage per hebdomad and computing machine attitudes. Igbaria and Chakrabarti ( 1990 ) found that computing machine experience significantly affected attitudes towar d computing machines. Christensen ( 1997 ) observed that people with anterior positive experience tend to be more willing to follow a engineering than those who have had either a anterior negative experience or no experience at all. Cavas et Al. ( 2009 ) found that Turkish scientific discipline instructors have positive attitudes toward ICT and it differs sing computing machine experience. In this survey, the research worker focuses on learning experiences. Therefore, it is hypothesized: H5: There is important relationship between the male and female instructors and their attitudes towards web log usage in instruction. H6: There is important relationship between instructors ‘ instruction experiences and their attitudes towards web log usage in instruction. H7: There is no important relationship between instructors ‘ educational degree and their attitude towards web log usage in instruction.3.3 RESEARCH MODELBased on theories adopted from Davis et Al ( 1989 ) , Roger ( 1995 ) , Grasha ( 1994 ) , Chao ( 2-5 ) , figure 3.3 illustrates the research theoretical account of this survey.EXTERNAL FACTORTeaching Manner Expert Formal Authority Personal Model Facilitator Delegator BLOG COMPETENCE Teachers DEMOGRAPHICS Gender Old ages OF Teaching EDUCATION LEVELPERCEIVED USEFULNESSPERCEIVED EASE OF USEATTITUDE TOWARDS BLOG USECognitive Affectional Behavioral H4a, H4b, H4c, H4d, H4e H1 H3, H5, H6, H7 H2 Figure 3.3: Research Model3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLEThe survey adopted systematic graded sampling. In Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, there are 87 authorities secondary schools. The schools are divided into four zones Keramat, Sentul, Pudu and Bangsar ) . In this survey, the Keramat Zone was chosen. In Keramat Zone, there are 20 secondary schools and selected as the population for this survey. Out of 20 schools, 10 schools were selected as samples with 700 respondents. Table 3.2 shows schools involved in this survey and the figure of respondents involved. Table 3.2 SampleName of SchoolsEstimated Number of Teachers%Distributed%SMK ( P ) Air Panas 80 8.95 62 8.85 SMK Danau Kota 124 13.87 97 13.86 SMK Padang Tembak 110 12.30 86 12.29 SMK Puteri Titiwangsa 90 10.07 70 10.00 SMK Seksyen 5 Wangsa Maju 130 14.54 101 14.43 SMK Seri Titiwangsa 61 6.82 48 6.86 SMK Setapak Indah 76 8.50 60 8.57 SMK Wangsa Maju Seksyen 2 68 7.61 54 7.71 SMK Wangsa Melawati 80 8.95 63 9.00 SMK Zon R1 Wangsa Maju 75 8.39 59 8.43 Entire 894 100 700 1003.5 InstrumentThe primary instrument used in this survey is study questionnaire. In this research, close-ended inquiries were more preferred than open-ended inquiries. All the close-ended inquiries were designed and developed based on old research workers.3.6 MEASUREMENTThere are 72 point in the questionnaire. The questionnaire divided into five chief subdivisions. Section one consist of instructors ‘ demographic, followed by subdivision two with attitudes item that contains affectional, cognitive and behavioral properties. Section three about instructors ‘ web log competency and subdivision four points related to perceived usefulness and easiness of usage and the last subdivisions produce learning manners points. All points in this questionnaire were derived and adopted from anterior research workers to asseverate the dependability and cogency of the informations. A five-likert graduated table was applied in each point of the questionnaire except points in instructor ‘s demographic subdivision. Scale runing from 1 – Strongly Not Agree, 2 – Not Agree, 3 – Natural, 4 – Agree and 5 – Strongly Agree. The questionnaire prepared in multiple linguistic communication, English and Bahasa Melayu.3.6.1 Teacher ‘s DemographicTeacher ‘s demographics are related to respondent ‘s general features. Age and gender are indispensable when covering with the nature of the population being studied. In this research, point such as â€Å" name of school † , â€Å" topics Teach † , â€Å" instruction experiences † , â€Å" learning period/week † , â€Å" highest instruction degree † and â€Å" learning degree † we besides employed in the questionnaire.3.6.2 AttitudesIn this survey, point modified from Albarini ( 2006 ) . Three points developed from affectional sphere ( point 9 – 11 ) , five points from cognitive sphere ( point 12 – 16 ) and three points from behavioral sphere ( point 17 – 19 ) . Table 3.3 show the measurement point in item. A five point Likert graduated table was used to mensurate the responses ramping from 1=srongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. Table 3.3 Measurement of Teachers ‘ Attitude towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA9. Using web logs for learning does non frighten me at all. 1 2 3 4 5 10. I am glad there are more web logs these yearss used for instruction. 1 2 3 4 5 11. Using web logs for instruction is gratifying. 1 2 3 4 5 12. Using web logs for learning saves clip and attempt. 1 2 3 4 5 13. Students must utilize web logs in all capable affairs. 1 2 3 4 5 14. Web logs would actuate pupils to make more survey. 1 2 3 4 5 15. Web logs are a fast and efficient agencies of acquiring information. 1 2 3 4 5 16. Web logs can heighten pupils ‘ acquisition. 1 2 3 4 5 17. I would instead learn without web logs than utilizing web logs. 1 2 3 4 5 18. If I had the clip, I would larn to make web logs for learning intents. 1 2 3 4 5 19. I would wish to larn more about web logs for usage in instruction. 1 2 3 4 53.6.2 Perceived UsefulnessPerceived utility is defined as â€Å" the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculiar system would heighten his or her occupation public presentation † by Davis ( 1989 ) . Perceives usefulness is one of two dominant concept of TAM to measure user ‘s credence. Item from Davis ( 1989 ) were adapted utilizing five-point Likert graduated table runing from 1=srongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. Table 3.4 Measurement of Perceived Usefulness towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA24. Using web logs for learning will better my learning public presentation. 1 2 3 4 5 25. Using web logs for learning enhances my effectivity on instruction. 1 2 3 4 5 26. Using web logs for learning improves the quality of instruction. 1 2 3 4 5 27. Overall, I find utilizing web logs utile in my instruction. 1 2 3 4 53.6.3 Perceived Ease of UseDavis ( 1989 ) defined sensed easiness of usage as â€Å" the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculiar system would be free of attempt † . The steps of sensed easiness of usage were comprehensively used by many anterior surveies, for illustrations, Lederer et Al ( 1989 ) modified the steps of sensed easiness of usage that tantrum with the World Wide Web ( WWW ) use. In this survey, the points for sensed easiness of usage were adapted from Davis ( 1989 ) to suit within instructor ‘s attitude toward web log usage in learning. The six points used a five-point Likert graduated table runing from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. Table 3.5 Measurement of Perceived Ease of Use towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA28. Using web logs is easy for me. 1 2 3 4 5 29. I find it easy to acquire web logs to make what I want to make. 1 2 3 4 5 30. Geting information from web log is easy. 1 2 3 4 5 31. My interaction with web logs is clear and apprehensible. 1 2 3 4 5 32. It would be easy for me to go adept at utilizing web logs. 1 2 3 4 5 33. Overall, I find blogs easy to utilize. 1 2 3 4 53.6.4 Teaching StyleThe Grasha-Riechman Teaching Styles Inventory ( GRTSI ) ia a study instrument used to find learning manner. The GRTSI uses a study instrument with 40 points, and uses a five-point Likert graduated table for each. Each type of learning manner contributes eight points each. All points were assorted up to avoid prejudice. Table 3.6 Item Distribution of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in TeachingTeaching MannerNo. of ItemsExpert 34, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59, 64, 69 Formal Authority 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 Personal Model 36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71 Facilitator 37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72 Delegator 38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73 Table 3.7 Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in Teaching Expert South dakota Calciferol Nitrogen A SA 34. Facts, constructs, and rules are the most of import things that pupils should get. 1 2 3 4 5 39. Sharing my cognition and expertness with pupils is really of import to me. 1 2 3 4 5 44. What I have to state about a subject is of import for pupils to get a broader position on the issues in that country. 1 2 3 4 5 49. I want pupils to go forth my category good prepared for farther work in this country. 1 2 3 4 5 54. Lecturing is a important portion of how I teach each of the category Sessionss. 1 2 3 4 5 59. My expertness is typically used to decide dissensions about content issues. 1 2 3 4 5 64. Students might depict me as a â€Å" depot of cognition † who dispenses the fact, rules, and constructs they need. 1 2 3 4 5 69. There is more stuff in my capable than I have clip available to cover it. 1 2 3 4 5 Formal Authority 35. I set high criterions for pupils in my category. 1 2 3 4 5 40. I give pupils negative feedback when their public presentation is unsatisfactory. 1 2 3 4 5 45. Students would depict my criterions and outlooks as slightly rigorous and stiff. 1 2 3 4 5 50. It is my duty to specify what pupils must larn and how they should larn it. 1 2 3 4 5 55. I provide really clear guidelines for how I want undertakings completed in my category. 1 2 3 4 5 60. My category has really specific ends and objectives that I want to carry through. 1 2 3 4 5 65. My outlooks for what I want pupils to make in this category are clearly defined in the course of study. 1 2 3 4 5 70. My criterions and outlooks help pupils develop the subject the demand to larn. 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3.7 ( Continued ) Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in Teaching Personal ModelSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA36. What I say and do theoretical accounts allow ways for pupils to believe about issues in the content. 1 2 3 4 5 41. Students are encouraged to emulate the illustration I provided. 1 2 3 4 5 46. I typically show pupils how and what to make in order to get the hang capable content. 1 2 3 4 5 51. Examples from my personal experiences frequently are used to exemplify points about the stuff. 1 2 3 4 5 56. I frequently show pupils how they can utilize assorted rules and constructs. 1 2 3 4 5 61. Students receive frequent verbal and/or written remarks on their public presentation. 1 2 3 4 5 66. Finally, many pupils begin to believe like me about capable content. 1 2 3 4 5 71. Students might depict me as a â€Å" manager † who works closely with person to rectify jobs in how they think and behave. 1 2 3 4 5 Facilitator 37. My instruction ends and methods address a assortment of pupil acquisition manners. 1 2 3 4 5 42. I spend clip consulting with pupils on how to better their work on single and/or group undertakings. 1 2 3 4 5 47. Small group treatments are employed to assist pupils develop their ability to believe critically. 1 2 3 4 5 52. I guide pupils ‘ work on category undertakings by inquiring inquiries, researching options, and proposing alternate ways to make things. 1 2 3 4 5 57. Class activities encourage pupils to take enterprise and duty for their acquisition. 1 2 3 4 5 62. I solicit student advice about how and what to learn in my category. 1 2 3 4 5 67. Students can do picks among activities in order to finish capable demands. 1 2 3 4 5 72. I give pupils a batch of personal support and encouragement to make good in my topic. 1 2 3 4 5 Delegator 38. Students typically work on category undertakings entirely with small supervising from me. 1 2 3 4 5 43. Activities in my category encourage pupils to develop their ain thoughts about content issues. 1 2 3 4 5 48. Students design one or more autonomous acquisition experiences. 1 2 3 4 5 53. Developing the ability of pupils to believe and work independently is an of import end. 1 2 3 4 5 58. Students take duty for learning portion of the category Sessionss. 1 2 3 4 5 63. Students set their ain gait for finishing independent and/or group undertakings. 1 2 3 4 5 68. My attack to instruction is similar to a director of a work group who delegates undertakings and duties to subsidiaries. 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3.7 ( Continued ) Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in Teaching DelegatorSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA73. I assume the function of a resource individual who is available to pupils whenever they need aid. 1 2 3 4 53.6.5 Blog CompetenceBlog Competence is to mensurate blog competency among instructors. This points was created by the research worker intentionally for this survey. Five Likert Scale besides applied. 1 – Not Competence, 2 – Less Competence, 3 – Moderate Competence, 4 – Competence and 5 – Very Competence. Table 3.8 Measurement of Blog Competence towards Blog Use in Teaching North carolina LC Megahertz C VC 20. Make a web log to portion my experiences and cognition. 1 2 3 4 5 21. Use a web log to happen information for instruction intents. 1 2 3 4 5 22. Post and answer to remarks in web logs for learning intents. 1 2 3 4 5 23. Update a web log with new information about instruction. 1 2 3 4 53.7 DATA COLLECTIONA missive of permission submitted to Jabatan Pelajaran Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ( JPWPKL ) to seek a blessing to carry oning a research at selected schools as listed before. After having an blessing missive, researcher conveying it when meet the principal for each schools. Researcher gives brief account about the research. Then, researcher seeks the cooperation of the principals to acquire a list of instructors toA guarantee the figure of instructors. Each questionnaire labelled with a consecutive figure. Every instructor who took the questionnaire will be recorded their consecutive Numberss. ThisA isA intended toA facilitateA the school to retrieveA allA the questionnaires for collection.A Besides, A itA besides makes it easierA for research worker to retrace the instructor if there is an uncomplete questionnaire. Principal appointA aA representativeA fromA the teachersA toA manage theA distributionA and aggregation ofA surveysA andA toA mediateA betweenA teachersA andA research workers. Within one hebdomad, research worker will come back to school to roll up the questionnaires.3.8 PILOT STUDYPilot survey refers to testings of the questionnaire on a little sample of respondents to place and extinguish possible jobs ( Hunt et al. , 1982 ; Parasuram, 1987 ; Malhorta, 2004 ) . 80 participants from SMK Wangsa Melawati participated in the pilot survey. Table 3.9 Pilot Study DistributionEntire DistributedEntire ReturnedFunctionalNot Functional80 74 74 03.9 RELIABILITY PILOT STUDY INSTRUMENT3.9.1 Dependent Variable – AttitudeThe dependability trial was performed utilizing SPSS ( let go of 18 ) for Windows to measure the instruments. Table 3.11 shows the consequence of dependability trial for dependent variables. Overall dependability trial shows that all point involved in this survey were dependable. On the other custodies, the trial shows that one of the behavioral points shows the mark merely 0.544. Researcher decides to take the point and the new mark is 0.855. Table 3.10 Reliability Test for Attitudes InstrumentsInstrumentBeforeAfterNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaAttitude Affect 3 .728 3 .728 Behavioral 3 .544 2 .855 Cognitive 5 .707 5 .707 Overall Attitude 11 .717 10 .7173.9.1 Independent Variable – Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Teaching Style and Blog CompetenceTable 3.8 shows the consequence of dependability trial for independent variables. Blog Competence, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use show high dependability for all points. There is a job with one of the point in Formal Authority that makes the mark really low ( 0.200 ) . Researcher decided to discontinue point no. 4 in Formal Authority and it make the mark alteration to 0.603. Overall mark is 0.903. Table 3.8 summarize the dependability trial for all independent variables. Table 3.12 make a comparing learning manners point from the old research workers. Table 3.11 Reliability Test for Blog Competence, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Teaching Style InstrumentsInstrumentNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaBlog Competence 4 .916 Perceived Usefulness 4 .918 Perceived Ease of Use 6 .816InstrumentBeforeAfterNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaTeaching Manner Expert 8 .645 8 .645 Formal Authority 8 .200 7 .603 Personal Model 8 .713 8 .713 Facilitator 8 .617 8 .617 Delegator 8 .670 8 .670 Table 3.12 Comparison of Reliability Test for Teaching Style InstrumentsTeaching MannerDugas ( 2005 )Zamri et Al. ( 2009 )Pilot StudyNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach ‘s AlphaExpert8 0.40 8 0.62 8 .645Formal Authority8 0.49 8 0.81 7 .603Personal Model8 0.58 8 0.80 8 .713Facilitator8 0.76 8 0.82 8 .617Delegator8 0.48 8 0.59 8 .670Overall40 0.71 40 Not Reported 39 .9033.10 DATA ANALYSISOnce informations were collected, it must be translated into an appropriate signifier for informations analysis. Harmonizing to De Vaus ( 2002 ) , there are four factors impacting how the informations are traveling to be analysed. They are the figure of variables being examined, the degree of measuring of the variables, descriptive or illative intents and ethical duty. This survey used SPSS ( let go of 18 ) for Windows to analyze the information. A measure by measure informations analysis was conducted to run into the research inquiry and aim of the survey. The process of proving the hypotheses of the survey has besides been taken in the information analysis subdivision. In this survey, there are dogged stairss in carry oning the information analysis ; this includes descriptive analysis, dependability analysis, factor analysis, correlativity analysis and arrested development analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to portray the informations accurately from the variables. It besides provides more information about the distribution of the variables. The frequences, per centum, mean and standard divergence were performed to construe the information. The descriptive analysis includes ‘age ‘ , ‘gender ‘ , ‘years of learning ‘ , ‘highest making ‘ , ‘level of learning ‘ , ‘number of learning period/week ‘ and ‘subject though ‘ . Harmonizing to Hair et Al ( 1998 ) , factor analysis is aimed at analyzing the construction of the correlativities among a big figure of variables by specifying a set of common implicit in dimensions ( factors ) . Furthermore, factor analysis is conducted to find whether the responses to a set of points used to mensurate a peculiar construct can be grouped together to organize an overall index of that construct ( Cramer, 2003 ) . In this survey, there are two set of variables for which factors are analysed. They are a set of independent variables and a set of dependent variables. After executing the factor analyses, the following measure would take to the dependability analysis of the measurings. The Cronbach ‘s alpha is the most widely used step of dependability of the variables ( Hair et al. , 1998 ; Morgan et al. , 2004 ) . Correlation analysis was performed to bespeak both the strength and the way of the relationship between a brace of variables ( Bryman and Cramer, 1994 ) . The variables are considered to be correlated if alterations in the 1 variable are associated with the alterations in the other variables ( Hair et al. , 1998 ) . The Pearson correlativity process is used to happen the relationship between independent variables ; gender, old ages of instruction, degree of instruction, web log competency, perceived easiness of usage, perceived usefulness and teaching manner and dependent variables ; attitudes toward web log utilizations. Finally, arrested development analysis is conducted in this survey to sum up the nature of the relationship between variables and for doing anticipations of likely values of dependent variables ( Bryman and Cramer, 1994 ) . Multiple arrested developments were used to foretell a graduated table of dependent variable from two or more independent variables.3.11 SummaryThe focal point of this chapter is on the development of research model. The survey will utilize a study research method design. The mark respondents for the study research participants would be secondary school instructor in Keramat Zone, Kuala Lumpur. Te extimated figure of trying units is 700. The following chapter presents the determination of the survey.